Maps have long been regarded as objective tools that help us navigate the world. However, cultural geographer Mike Duggan argues that maps are not as neutral as they seem and that their creation and interpretation have a significant impact on our lives. The popular TV show The West Wing highlighted this issue when characters C.J. Cregg and Josh Lyman were shown a Gall-Peters projection map, which revealed the distortions of the more commonly used Mercator projection map.
The Mercator projection map, with its focus on Europe and European interests, has become normalized despite its lack of natural perspective. This map, like many others, presents itself as an objective view of the world, but it is actually a product of western cartography designed to amplify western power. Philosopher Donna Haraway reminds us that scientific claims, including maps, are not universal truths but rather “situated knowledges” shaped by the perspectives of those who create them.
In today’s digital age, where maps are integrated into various apps and technologies, it is crucial to recognize that maps are not neutral. Big tech companies, with their access to vast amounts of location data, have the power to shape our understanding of the world through cartography. We must consider who decides what to include or exclude on maps and the worldviews of those map producers. The interests and politics of organizations like government-backed national mapping services or commercial giants like Google and Apple play a significant role in the maps they create.
Contested borders offer a clear example of how mapping companies reflect their perspectives and interests. Google Maps depicts Taiwan as a separate state from China, while Apple Maps relabeled Crimea as part of Ukraine for users outside of Russia. These decisions are not objective but rather strategic choices that align with the companies’ politics and commercial interests.
Understanding maps requires looking beyond the map itself and considering the broader context of their creation and use. Power does not emanate solely from the map but flows through the people, politics, cultures, and technologies involved in its production and interpretation. Maps have the ability to shape our perspectives and influence our actions. By questioning the power dynamics embedded in maps, we can develop a better understanding of how they shape our practices and perspectives.
As map users, it is essential to be mindful of the hidden influences behind the maps we encounter. We should critically examine the interests and politics of map-producing organizations and consider the broader global perspectives they represent. By doing so, we can navigate the world with a more nuanced understanding of the power dynamics at play.
In conclusion, maps are not neutral tools but rather products of human decision-making and cultural biases. They have the power to shape our perceptions and influence our actions. Recognizing the hidden influences behind maps is crucial for developing a more comprehensive understanding of the world. By questioning the power dynamics embedded in maps, we can navigate the complexities of our global landscape with greater awareness and insight.